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Initial Experience and Evaluation of a Nomogram for Outcome Prediction in Management of Medium-sized (1-2 cm) Kidney Stones

By 5 January 2021No Comments

Salvatore Micali, Maria Chiara Sighinolfi, Andrea Iseppi, Elena Morini, Tommaso Calcagnile, Mattia Benedetti, Marco Ticonosco, Shaniko Kaleci, Luigi Bevilacqua, Stefano Puliatti, Cosimo De Nunzio, Raphael Arada, Francesco Chiancone, Davide Campobasso, Ahmed Eissa, Giulia Bonfante, Elisa Simonetti, Michele Cotugno, Riccardo Galli, Pierpaolo Curti, Luigi Schips, Pasquale Ditonno, Luca Villa, Stefania Ferretti, Franco Bergamaschi, Giorgio Bozzini, Ahmed Zoeir, Ahmed El Sherbiny, Antonio Frattini, Paolo Fedelini, Zhamshid Okhunov, Andrea Tubaro, Jaime Landman, Giampaolo Bianchi, Bernardo Rocco

Abstract

Background: The gold standard treatment for solitary medium-sized (1-2 cm) renal stones is not defined by recent guidelines, since management modalities including shockwave lithotripsy (SWL), retrograde intrarenal surgery (RIRS), and percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PNL) are recommended. Improved ability to predict patient outcomes would aid in patients’ counseling and decision-making.

Objective: To develop a nomogram predicting treatment failure, based on preoperative clinical variables, to be used in the preplanning setting.

Design, setting, and participants: We recruited 2605 patients from 14 centers and carried out a multicenter retrospective analysis of 699 SWL, 1290 RIRS, and 616 PN L procedures performed as first-line treatment for 1-2-cm kidney stones. The variables evaluated included age, gender, previous renal surgery, body mass index, stone size, location, stone density, skin-to-stone distance, presence of urinary tract infections (UTIs), and hydronephrosis.

Outcome measurements and statistical analysis: Multivariate logistic regression was fitted to predict treatment failure, defined as the presence of residual fragments >4 mm. A nomogram was developed based on the coefficients of the logit function.

Results and limitations: A total of 2431 (93.3%) patients were stone free; 174 (6.7%) treatment failures were recorded and considered the event to be predicted. On univariate analysis, type of procedure, preoperative hydronephrosis, stone density, stone location, and laterality turned out to be statistically significant. Skin-to-stone distance, UTIs, and previous renal surgery were predictors of failure on multivariate analysis. Each variable was given a score based on statistical relevance. The main limitation of the current study is its retrospective nature.

Conclusions: This nomogram provides a prediction of treatment failure and need of reintervention for medium-sized kidney stones. External validation is needed to determine its reproducibility and validity.

Patient summary: We developed a preoperative model of treatment outcomes for 1-2-cm kidney stones. Its application may assist urologists to counsel patients with regard to stone management modality.

Keywords: Kidney; Nomogram; Predictive; Stone-free rate; Surgical treatment; Treatment failure; Urolithiasis.

Copyright © 2020. Published by Elsevier B.V.

Stefano Puliatti

Stefano Puliatti

Il Dr. Puliatti si è laureato in Medicina e chirurgia nel 2012 presso l’Università degli Studi di Modena ed ha poi conseguito il titolo di specialista in Urologia con il massimo dei voti presso lo stesso Ateneo. Da Luglio 2019 ricopre il ruolo di Assistant Professor in Urologia presso l'Università di Modena e Reggio Emilia. Da Luglio 2019 ricopre anche il ruolo di Deputy Medical Director of ORSI Academy, Melle, Belgio e svolge attività clinica e chirurgica presso OLV (Onze Lieve Vrouwziekenhuis) Hospital in Aalst, Belgio (direttore: Prof. Alex Mottrie). La sua formazione si è incentrata in particolare sulla Chirurgia robotica e oncologica delle vie urinarie, avendo come principali campi di applicazione anche tumori e malattie della prostata, tumori del rene e delle alte vie urinarie, disturbi minzionali, calcolosi delle vie urinarie. È inoltre autore e coautore di articoli scientifici e capitoli di libro in ambito urologico. Attualmente svolge attività in libera professione presso diverse strutture situate a Modena e Provincia.